Introduction. According to modern demographic indicators, the state of public health in the country continues to be difficult, due to the high level of total mortality and low birth rate for a long time. More than three quarters of deaths in Russia are associated with chronic non-communicable diseases, a significant part of which are diseases of the circulatory system (DCS). This situation is developing not only in our country, but also in most countries, both economically developed and developing. The prevalence of DCS among the population is one of the most significant problems both in the world as a whole and in the Russian Federation. Purpose: to study modern medical and social aspects of diseases of the circulatory system from the standpoint of public health. Materials and methods. The scientific basis of the study was the modern publications of domestic and foreign experts on the problems of morbidity, mortality, disability of the population due to diseases of the circulatory system. A review of the literature data is carried out mainly over a ten-year period. The analytical method and the content analysis method were used to prepare the publication. Results and discussion. In economically developed countries, the overall incidence of DCS is on average up to 250 cases per 1000 inhabitants, that is, almost every fourth person has this pathology. At the same time, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and vascular lesions of the brain are more common. Among the main reasons for the widespread spread of diseases of the circulatory system in Russia is the lack of daily health-related behavior among the population of the country, with the presence of risk factors for alcohol abuse, poor nutrition, low motor activity, tobacco smoking, increased blood glucose and cholesterol levels, weight gain, etc. DCS - the main cause of death the world's population as a whole and an important component of the global burden of disease. The share of DCS in the structure of mortality in the world reaches almost 25%, and in developed countries and Russia – half. In the structure of temporary disability, diseases of the circulatory system are among the three most common pathologies, and in the structure of primary disability, DCS occupy the first rank place. According to global estimates, DCS account for about 3% of the burden of all reported diseases. In the Russian Federation, the number of years spent in a state of disability due to diseases of the circulatory system is up to 5% of the total burden of diseases, pathological conditions and injuries. Conclusion. Diseases of the circulatory system continue to be the most important problem of public health, taking into account the pronounced indicators of morbidity, mortality and disability of the population. Constant monitoring of public health indicators of the population according to BSC is necessary for current and long-term planning of organizational measures to improve the effectiveness of medical care for patients with this socially significant pathology.