Introduction. The rural population in the Russian Federation (RF) accounts for about 18% of the total population, with a significant proportion of children, adolescents, and the elderly. National projects such as "Health Care" and "Long and Active Life" are aimed at improving the organization of primary health care in rural areas, including the development of paramedic and obstetric centers and mobile medical teams. The purpose of the study is to study the current problems of organizing medical care for rural populations in the Russian Federation by analyzing scientific publications on the problem over the past five years and suggesting possible solutions. Materials and methods. A review of 146 scientific articles (out of 567 found) for the years 2020-2025 from the databases Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, eLibrary and others was conducted. The selection criteria included the reliability of the data and the relevance of the topic. Rosstat statistics are also used. Results. The main problems identified were the structure and incidence rates (high levels of chronic noncommunicable diseases, as well as specific parasitic infections), staff imbalance (availability of doctors in villages is 2-3 times lower than in cities), infrastructural features and transport accessibility (mobile medical teams and mobile laboratories improve accessibility, but their implementation in different regions of the Russian Federation is uneven), digitalization (the level of implementation of telemedicine and digital literacy of the population). Discussion. To solve the problems, the author suggests: the development of flexible models in the provision of primary health care, taking into account regional specifics; strengthening personnel policy; expanding the use of mobile medicine and digital technologies; improving infrastructure and transport accessibility in rural areas. Conclusion. Against the background of the ongoing positive changes in rural healthcare, it is necessary to further develop primary health care, taking into account regional specifics.