Introduction. From the point of view of the conceptual development of modern oncology in Russia, its most significant areas are early diagnosis of malignant neoplasms (MN), personalized treatment of patients, new regimens of immuno- and targeted therapy selected by the tumor genome. The development and implementation of programs to improve diagnostic and treatment programs for each cancer is possible only taking into account the main epidemiological features subject to detailed analysis. The aim of the study is to analyze the dynamics and trends in the incidence of rectal cancer (RC) in the Yaroslavl region (YR) in comparison with the Central Federal District (CFD) and the Russian Federation (RF) as a whole. Materials and methods. During the work, official statistics on reporting from 2012 to 2023 were used. A comparative analysis of epidemiological indicators in the YR, the Central Federal District and the Russian Federation as a whole was carried out. When studying the dynamic series of indicators, their main trends were identified using trend modeling by the approximation method. Results and discussion. The increase in the incidence of MN in nuclear weapons over 11 years amounted to 18.3%. The incidence of rectal cancer in the region throughout the period exceeded the all-Russian values and levels of the indicator in the Central Federal District. In YR, the increase in the incidence of RC was 28.8%. The proportion of verified diagnoses of RC (excluding those established posthumously) tended to increase both within the region and in the Russian Federation as a whole. In nuclear weapons, the proportion of morphologically confirmed rectal MNs increased from 90.5 to 100.0%, in the Russian Federation - from 92.5% to 98.6%. In the Yaroslavl region from 2012 to 2023, the proportion of patients diagnosed with rectal cancer registered for 5 or more years increased from 47.8 to 58.1%, in the Central Federal District - from 50.9 to 55.8%, in the Russian Federation - from 49.6 to 54.9%. The resulting value of the specific gravity of patients with RC, actively identified in YR in 2023 (11.7%), was almost half the same indicators in the Russian Federation and the Central Federal District (21.1 and 19.4%, respectively). Conclusions. When developing a set of measures to improve the system for detecting and treating RPC in NW, it is necessary to take into account a number of current trends in epidemiological indicators.