Introduction. Despite significant advances in the field of vaccine prevention and therapy, infectious diseases continue to occupy leading positions in the structure of morbidity and mortality of the population both in the world and in the Russian Federation. The situation is complicated by the emergence of new pathogens, the return of previously controlled infections, and increased antimicrobial resistance. In modern geopolitical and climatic conditions, the study of patterns of infection spread, the unification of approaches to their accounting and analysis are becoming key elements of ensuring biological safety. A comparative analysis of the state of infectious morbidity in Russia and abroad, as well as methods of its registration, reveals common challenges and national peculiarities of epidemiological surveillance. Purpose: to study current trends in infectious morbidity in the Russian Federation and foreign countries, as well as to analyze the recording systems and methods of studying this pathology from the perspective of public health. Materials and methods. The scientific basis of the study was publications by domestic and foreign experts, data from operational reports of Rospotrebnadzor, the World Health Organization (WHO), as well as regulatory legal acts regulating the statistical accounting of infectious diseases. The review of these literary sources is carried out mainly for the last seven years. The analytical method, the method of content analysis of regulatory documentation and comparative epidemiological analysis were used to prepare the publication. Results and discussion. The analysis of the current epidemiological situation shows multidirectional trends. In the Russian Federation, at the beginning of 2026, there is a seasonal increase in the incidence of acute respiratory viral infections with a decrease in the proportion of influenza viruses and an increase in the proportion of rhinoviruses, while the incidence of COVID-19 remains stable at relatively low numbers (about 5.5 thousand cases per week). At the same time, there is a serious complication of the situation with controlled infections in a number of foreign countries. In 2026, the United States and Canada recorded the largest measles outbreaks in recent decades. A similar situation with an increase in measles is recorded in Israel, Mexico and European countries, which experts attribute to a decrease in population immunity and anti-vaccination sentiments. Arbovirus infections are becoming increasingly important in the structure of infectious pathology in the world. In Asian countries (South Korea, Taiwan), there is an increase in enterovirus infections and hepatitis A, mainly among the unvaccinated adult population. In the Russian Federation, according to long-term research, the structure of infectious mortality has undergone significant changes. If tuberculosis dominated in the late Soviet period (up to 60% of all deaths from infections), by 2018 its share had decreased to 24.5%, giving way to HIV/AIDS, which accounts for 60.2% of deaths from infectious causes. The average expected age of death from infectious diseases in Russia is 44.4 years, which indicates a high proportion of deaths among the working-age population, while in Moscow this figure is higher (50 years), reflecting better access to medical care. A key element of infection control is the accounting and analysis system. The Russian Federation has a three-tier statistical surveillance system regulated by Rosstat orders. Accounting approaches in foreign countries range from a data collection center in the United States to the use of databases in European countries. The methods of studying morbidity also have national characteristics. The Russian School of Epidemiology traditionally focuses on the active identification of patients during medical examinations and medical examinations, which makes it possible to assess not only the primary incidence, but also the pathological lesion. Abroad, the main method remains registration by treatment, which may underestimate the true picture of the prevalence of chronic infections. Currently, mathematical modeling and forecasting methods (regression analysis, neural networks, and compartment models) are gaining popularity in the world, which make it possible to assess the extent of the spread of infections with insufficient primary accounting data. Conclusion. Infectious morbidity retains its status as one of the priority problems of public health both in the Russian Federation and in the world. Despite differences in the nosological structure (dominance of HIV and tuberculosis in the Russian Federation, measles and arboviruses abroad), common challenges are declining vaccination adherence, climate change, and migration processes. The strict statistical recording system for infectious diseases existing in Russia allows for prompt responses to changes in the epidemiological situation. Harmonization of data collection methods and the introduction of modern predictive models used in foreign practice will help increase the effectiveness of anti-epidemic measures and strengthen global public health security.