Introduction. The Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF) is characterized by extreme natural and climatic conditions, low and uneven population density, and substantial industrial and environmental pressures, which together form specific medical and demographic risks and place increased demands on the health care system. To substantiate priorities for disease prevention and health care planning, comparable data on trends and structure of morbidity in the Arctic regions are required. Objective. To analyse the dynamics of primary morbidity and the structure of morbidity among the population of the Arctic regions of the Russian Federation in 2015–2024, taking into account interregional differences. Materials and methods. Official data of the Federal State Statistics Service for 2015–2024 were used on primary morbidity rates (per 1,000 population) and morbidity by selected classes of diseases in nine constituent entities of the Russian Federation fully or partially included in the AZRF. A descriptive statistical analysis of morbidity levels and dynamics was performed; baseline growth rates were calculated for the period 2015–2024. Results. In 2015–2024 a moderate increase in primary morbidity was observed in the Russian Federation (growth rate 5.5%). Among the Arctic regions, the most pronounced increase over this period was recorded in the Republic of Karelia (+33.4%), Yamalo Nenets Autonomous Okrug (+32.5%), Krasnoyarsk Krai (+11.9%) and the Komi Republic (+11.0%), whereas in Nenets Autonomous Okrug primary morbidity decreased (–5.0%). In 2024, diseases of the respiratory system dominated the morbidity structure in AZRF regions; injuries, poisonings and other external causes; diseases of the genitourinary system; diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue; diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Pronounced interregional variability was found both in primary morbidity levels and in the proportion of individual disease classes. Discussion. The identified differences reflect the combined impact of natural and climatic, occupational, environmental and social factors, as well as unequal access to medical care and differences in recording of health care utilization. The findings are consistent with studies on population health in the Russian Arctic and underline the importance of accounting for regional specificities when planning preventive and organizational interventions. Conclusion. In most AZRF regions, the levels of primary morbidity and the key disease classes in the morbidity structure exceed the national averages. Morbidity among the population of the Arctic regions of Russia is characterized by an overall upward trend against the background of marked interregional heterogeneity and a stable dominance of respiratory pathology. The results confirm the need to develop differentiated regional prevention programmes and to improve health care delivery systems, followed by more in depth analysis of morbidity in specific population groups.