Introduction. Active international migration necessitates changes to existing models of primary healthcare delivery, as shifts in cultural, ethnic, and living conditions increase the risks of mental health impairment. Migration to urban or rural areas also influences the prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders among labor migrants based on their place of residence—specifically, whether they reside in urban or rural areas of the Moscow Region. Materials and Methods. The study design employed a prospective, cross-sectional approach conducted over a four-month period in 2025. A total of 415 labor migrants were invited to participate in a survey via a complete enumeration sampling method upon seeking care at an outpatient healthcare facility. The survey was completed anonymously and consisted of three sections: socio-demographic characteristics of the respondent, questions from the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and an assessment of key risk factors for mental health disorders. Data from 385 completed questionnaires were included in the final statistical analysis. Results. Regardless of their place of residence, anxiety and depressive disorders were observed more frequently among migrants in the 26–45 age group, and more often among women. Individuals with a general secondary education were found to be most susceptible to depressive disorders when residing in urban areas, whereas those with a secondary vocational education were most susceptible when residing in rural areas. In the overall assessment, anxiety levels were found to be higher among migrants with a higher education living in urban areas. The study identified a higher prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders among migrants residing in rural areas and those employed in the manufacturing sector. Living in isolation (without family) was associated with a higher incidence of depressive disorders among rural residents, while living with family in an urban setting was associated with a higher incidence of anxiety disorders. Conclusion. Assessing the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders may be relevant for planning and implementing therapeutic and preventive measures among foreign labor migrants, taking into account whether they reside in urban or rural areas.