Introduction. Problems of health protection and health management are the basis of social policy in almost all countries. In the Russian Federation, having passed the stages of transformation, the methodological foundations of the healthcare organization laid by N. A. Semashko are successfully used. The choice of such a path of development has ensured the stability of the health system, the ability to clearly and quickly implement the tasks associated with various crises, including in the context of a new coronavirus pandemic. The purpose of the study: to determine the current and future directions of development of public health and public health as a practical specialty, academic discipline and science in modern conditions, including in crisis situations, in Russian Federation. Material and methods. The study used analytical, sociological and statistical methods. Statistical research was carried out based on the analysis of official statistical collections and websites. Sociological research was conducted among 409 respondents-heads of medical organizations in various regions of the Russian Federation using specially designed questionnaires. Results. More than 80% of respondents recognized the need for scientific research to implement changes in the health sector. The most significant from the practical point of view of the existing and promising areas of scientific research in the field of public health were identified. Discussion. To create a modern and adequate health system that provides affordable and high-quality medical services to the population, it is necessary to strengthen the role of the state and use science-based approaches. Conclusions. The most effective and managed health system for Russian Federation is a system based primarily on the state model, and one of the main directions of development is to improve scientific, educational and practical activities in the field of public health.