An analysis of the incidence of children 5-9 years of age for the period 2016-2018. with the definition of leading pathologies in the Russian Federation and in the Federal Districts. The source of information was the statistical observation form No. 12 “Information about the number of diseases reported in patients living in the health care area” and the Bulletin “Population of the Russian Federation by gender and age” of the Federal State Statistics Service as of January 1 of the study year. The study revealed that respiratory diseases occupy the leading place in the structure of morbidity in this age group (58.49% and 58.41%), digestive diseases (5.84% and 5.30%) are in second place and the third position of the disease of the eye and its adnexa (5.20% and 5.33%). An unfavorable factor is the increase in injuries among children of this age group (by 10.40%), as well as diseases of the digestive system (by 2.53%), which may indicate the problem of the formation of proper eating habits and health-saving behavior. The ranking of classes of diseases in the Federal Districts made it possible to identify the territorial features of the incidence of children 5-9 years old, which can serve as the basis for the development of regional preventive programs for children of preschool and primary school age.