In a broad sense, epidemiology studies the assessment of the certain diseases prevalence, the risk factors affecting their occurrence, as well as the effectiveness of measures aimed at their prevention. At the same time, the subject of its study is not a separate organism, but the population as a whole. In addition to the morbidity itself, epidemiology also studies its outcomes (disability, mortality, etc.). Epidemiology is the foundation of all scientific research and relies on a systematic and unbiased approach to collecting and analyzing data. For a correct assessment and interpretation of the results and the study reliability, it is necessary to correctly build the study plan and design, clearly define its goals and objectives, make an adequate selection of the studied subjects, analyze results and formulate conclusions. The data obtained make it possible to assess which diseases are the most significant, to determine the increased risk of their occurrence, to assess the need and accessibility of medical care to the population, and, ultimately, to correctly allocate resources for the provision of medical services and improve their quality. As an interdisciplinary science, epidemiology unites all medicine aspects, determines the connection between them and is of fundamental importance to health care. Ophthalmological epidemiology is at the intersection of epidemiology, ophthalmology, statistics and public health. Eye diseases are widespread and affect the quality of life of the individual, as well as increase overall morbidity and disability. Ophthalmic epidemiology has advanced significantly over the past ten years. These achievements make it possible to assess the eye diseases scale among the population, to determine current trends in the prevalence and causes of the eye diseases development, and to designate a group of socially significant ophthalmic diseases that cause colossal damage to society as a whole. The data obtained are the basis for planning and developing programs for the detection, treatment and of eye diseases prevention, the elimination of preventable blindness and the increase in the availability and quality of the ophthalmological care provision to the population.