Introduction. The mortality rate depends on natural, anthropogenic, social, economic, political, environmental and cultural factors. Economic and social factors play a decisive role. The purpose of this review is to determine the structure of risk factors for death in conditions of aging of the population of Russia. Materials and methods. Analysis of materials from relevant publications that consider risk factors for death in changing socio-economic conditions from scientific electronic libraries: Elibrary, National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Google Academy. Methods used: analytical, content analysis. Results. Modern data indicate the need to reduce the mortality of the population not only on the basis of medical measures: combating risk factors (blood pressure control, combating obesity and physical inactivity, etc.), improving the quality of medical care, but also by improving the living standards of the population and support of socially disadvantaged strata of society. It is necessary to use methods of psychological support of the population and counteraction to "stress". During periods of economic crises, it is necessary to develop and implement comprehensive regional programs to counter the social maladjustment of the population. It is emphasized that an integrated approach to the treatment of patients with socially significant diseases requires huge costs not only for diagnostics, rehabilitation, prevention of premature mortality, preventive crime control (with drug addiction and alcoholism), but also for social support of patients. Social support for people with disabilities, which helps to reduce their mortality rate, is of great importance. Conclusion. The greatest influence on the mortality rate in our country in the current period has the level of income of the population, the second most important place is occupied by the availability and quality of medical care, followed by behavioral risk factors: the use of strong alcoholic beverages, physical activity, smoking, then after environmental pollution, others follow. risk factors.