Significance. An increase in the number of older people, a decrease in the number of able-bodied individuals (due to a declining birthrate), and a resulting slowdown in population growth have led to an increase in healthcare and social security costs for aging populations. To address this issue, countries must continuously analyze trends and incorporate them into strategic planning based on medical and demographic data in order to understand the causes and potential consequences of this demographic shift. The purpose of the study. To analyze the demographic situation in Russia and certain regions based on key medical and demographic data provided by the UN and Rosstat. Material and methods. The information basis for this study is actual data from Rosstat and the UN's Department of Economic and Social Affairs. We used general logical, analytical, and statistical methods to analyze the data. The variables we used to assess the main demographic indicators were: total fertility rate, total mortality rate, and life expectancy at birth. Results. We analyzed the values of these main medical and demographic indicators from 1960 to 2021, as well as projections (low, medium, and high) for the years 2030 to 2100. Our results indicate a slowdown in population growth, due to decreasing total fertility rates, increasing life expectancy, and other factors. Discussion. A comparative analysis of demographic development trends demonstrates the convergence of most medical and demographic indicators and the absence of significant discrepancies in the dynamics of indicators indicating the aging of the population of the Russian Federation with neighboring regions of the world. The aging process of the population in Russia, on the one hand, reflects the effectiveness of state policy to reduce mortality, on the other hand, it carries a number of challenges: there is a need to increase the cost of pensions, health care and social support for older care, the financial burden on workers increases. In this regard, adaptation and improvement of public health policy and the health system are required. Conclusions. The aging process in Russia presents several challenges. There is a need for increased spending on pensions, healthcare, and social support for older adults, as well as an increasing financial burden on working-age people. To address these issues, it is necessary to modernize public health policies and adapt them to the needs of an aging population.